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    美国联邦医疗保险要求专家权衡低剂量CT肺癌筛查
    • 音乐人生 2019-11-22 23:24 23:24
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    Medicare asks experts to weigh in on low-dose CT lung cancer screening
    美国联邦医疗保险(Medicare)是否应当为特定患者接受计算机断层扫描(CT)肺癌筛查买单?一个专家顾问组于4月30日举行会议,分析证据并提出建议。
    Medicare & Medicaid服务中心(CMS)已接受了两项正式请求,开始分析全国低剂量CT(LDCT)肺癌筛查覆盖率。CMS明确要求其下属的Medicare证据发展与覆盖顾问委员会(MEDCAC)讨论下列事宜:
    ·可识别出筛查获益最大的Medicare患者的证据。
    ·筛查频率和持续时间。
    ·可使获益最优化、伤害最小化的筛查提供者特征。
    ·可确定检查结果阳性和假阳性结果影响的标准。
    ·随访检查或治疗。
    CMS还试图了解,在Medicare获益人(包括老年人、较年轻的残疾人、终末期肾病患者,以及正在接受综合戒烟干预的目前吸烟者)中,这些因素将会对患者教育和知情同意产生怎样的影响。
    去年12月份,美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)建议,年龄55~80岁、有30包/年吸烟史的目前吸烟者或戒烟不足15年者应每年接受LDCT肺癌筛查。根据推荐意见,一旦戒烟达到15年或因出现健康问题而导致预期寿命缩短或难以接受治愈性肺部手术,则应停止筛查。
    USPSTF的建议在很大程度上是基于一篇纳入2000~2013年期间若干项随机对照试验(包括全国肺部筛查试验)的系统综述。该研究纳入了超过50,000名无症状、年龄55~74岁的成人,结果显示接受LDCT筛查者的肺癌死亡率降低了16%,全因死亡率降低了6.7%。每筛查320人可避免1例肺癌死亡,每筛查219人可避免1例全因死亡。
    CMS认为,要作出在全国覆盖预防服务的决定,需满足下列条件:预防或早期发现某种疾病或残疾是合理且必需的;USPSTF的A级或B级建议;适用于Medicare的A类或B类获益人。
    CMS已要求该专家组投票决定,是否有足够证据表明LDCT肺癌筛查的获益超过伤害。CMS特别询问了,是否有足够证据表明LDCT在下列情况下能够改善健康转归:在无症状、年龄超过74岁的高风险成人中;每年进行3次以上的LDCT筛查;在临床研究之外实施筛查计划。
    CMS还要求专家组权衡LDCT肺癌筛查在Medicare人群中造成的伤害,具体包括扫描本身(平均剂量为1.5 mSv)、对肺内和肺外进行随访评估,以及阳性和假阳性结果引起的治疗所带来的伤害。CMS还将要求专家组确定和讨论,在临床试验之外采用LDCT进行肺癌筛查方面是否存在任何有临床意义的差异。
    爱思唯尔版权所有  未经授权请勿转载
    By: REBECCA KERN, Oncology Practice Digital Network
    Should Medicare pay for low-dose computed tomography to screen certain patients for lung cancer? A panel of expert advisers will meet April 30 to review the evidence and make a recommendation.
    The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has accepted two formal requests to initiate a national coverage analysis on lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), which the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force gave a grade B recommendation for people at high risk for lung cancer based on age and smoking history.
    CMS is specifically asking its Medicare Evidence Development & Coverage Advisory Committee (MEDCAC) to discuss:
    the evidence that identifies which Medicare patients would benefit the most from the screening.
    screening frequency and duration.
    provider characteristics that optimize benefits and minimize harm.
    criteria to identify a test as positive and the impact of false-positive results.
    follow-up tests or treatments.
    The agency also seeks to know how these factors will impact patient education and informed consent in Medicare beneficiaries, including the elderly, younger disabled populations, and patients with end-stage renal disease, and on integrating smoking cessation interventions for current smokers.
    In order for CMS to issue a national coverage determination for a preventive service, the following criteria must be met: reasonable and necessary for prevention or early detection of an illness or disability; an A- or B-grade recommendation from USPSTF; and appropriate for Medicare Part A or Medicare Part B beneficiaries.
    CMS has asked the panel to vote on whether there is adequate evidence to determine if the benefits of lung cancer screening with LDCT outweigh the harms. The agency will specifically ask if there is adequate evidence to determine if LDCT improves health outcomes: in asymptomatic, high-risk adults over 74 years old; with more than three annual LDCT screens; and if the screening program is implemented outside a clinical study.
    The agency is also asking for panel input on the harms of lung cancer screening with LDCT in the Medicare population, specifically harms from the scan itself (an average dose of 1.5 mSv), harms from follow-up evaluation of findings in and outside the lungs, and harms from treatment as a result of positive and false-positive results.
    CMS will also ask the panel to identify and discuss any clinically significant evidence gaps regarding the use of LDCT in lung cancer screening outside of a clinical trial.
    Last December, the USPSTF recommended annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 55- 80 years who have a 30-pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit in the past 15 years. The recommendation states that screening should be stopped once a person has stopped smoking for 15 years or develops a health problem limiting life expectancy or the ability to have curative lung surgery.
    The USPSTF’s recommendations were based largely on a systematic review of several randomized, controlled trials published between 2000 and 2013, including the National Lung Screening Trial. That study of more than 50,000 asymptomatic adults, aged 55-74 years, showed a 16% reduction in lung cancer mortality and a 6.7% reduction in all-cause mortality when patients were screened using LDCT. One cancer death was averted for every 320 patients screened, and one death from all causes was prevented in every 219 patients screened.
    Under the Affordable Care Act, insurers are required to cover, with no copay requirements, preventative care and screening services that receive a grade A or grade B recommendation from USPSTF.

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    • 音乐人生 VIP会员 2019-11-22 23:24 23:241楼

      专家组反对低剂量CT用于联邦医疗保险患者肺癌筛查

      Panel recommends against low-dose CT for lung cancer in Medicare patients
      美国联邦医疗保险证据开发和覆盖范围咨询委员会(MEDCAC)成员在4月30日会议上称,证据不足以支持应用低剂量计算机断层扫面(LDCT)对联邦医疗保险人群进行肺癌筛查。专家组特别指出,总体上,他们对联邦医疗保险人群LDCT肺癌筛查获益大于伤害的充分证据缺乏信心。

      联合健康保险(United Healthcare Medicare & Retirement)全国医学主任Curtis Mock博士称:“当我意识到我们的责任首先是不应伤害患者时,我认为将我们的预期结果外推至联邦医疗保险人群是不可能的。”联邦医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心(CMS)接受了两项正式请求,启动LDCT肺癌筛查全国覆盖分析。美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)已将基于年龄和吸烟史的高危肺癌患者接受LDCT肺癌筛查列为B级推荐。Rita Redberg博士


      大多数专家对全国肺部筛查试验(NLST)中有关联邦医疗保险人群的数据并不满意。该研究纳入50,000余例无症状成人,年龄55~74岁。结果显示,接受LDCT筛查患者肺癌死亡率和全因死亡率分别下降16%和6.7% (N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368:1980-91),每320例患者接受筛查可避免1例患者死于肺癌,每219例患者接受筛查可预防1例全因死亡患者。


      然而,符合联邦医疗保险条件的患者(65~74岁)约占受试患者的25%,小于符合NLST入组标准人群占美国人口约36%的比例。


      MEDCAC主席、加州大学旧金山分校医学教授Rita Redberg博士称:“我担心我们真的没有太多的联邦医疗保险患者数据,当然也没有75~80岁人群的数据,特别是NLST试验中有关该年龄组人群危害的数据。”她认为:“手术死亡率随年龄增大而增大, 早期出现的获益也会逐渐消失,因为对抗获益的死亡因素越来越多。”


      专家组还指出,他们不能确信如果对联邦医疗保险人群实施LDCT(平均效应剂量为1.5 mSv)肺癌筛查,其危害程度能否达到最小化。


      密歇根大学安娜堡分校内科教授Allan Fendrick博士说:“对于获益和伤害不清楚的人群,我担心伤害将成为筛查的障碍。”


      同样,马里兰州贝塞斯达国防医科大学副教授Harry Burke博士称:“我认为较低的阳性预测值导致对筛查者的伤害,你能否权衡伤害与受益是一件非常困难的事情。”


      最后,专家组认为,他们充分相信在临床试验之外对联邦医疗保险人群进行LDCT肺癌筛查缺少有临床意义的证据。


      MEDCAC 副主席、康奈尔大学患者导向比较疗效研究项目主任Art Sedrakyan博士说: “我认为最重要的不足在于,所基于的全部数据,包括大规模NLST试验和其他试验的高质量文献,应该能够让我们充分相信某一部分人群在获益大于伤害方面优于另一部分人群。”


      CMS在制定覆盖全国的LDCT肺癌筛查决策时将考虑专家组的意见,有关决策预计在11月中旬之前公布,并将有30天的征求公众意见时间。


      By: REBECCA KERN, Oncology Practice Digital Network


      AT A MEDCAC MEETING


      Evidence is insufficient to support lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in the Medicare population, members of the Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee said at a meeting on April 30.


      Specifically, the MEDCAC advisers said that, on average, they had low confidence there is adequate evidence that the benefits outweigh the harms of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in the Medicare population.


      The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services accepted two formal requests to initiate a national coverage analysis on lung cancer screening with LDCT, which the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force gave a grade B recommendation for people at high risk for lung cancer based on age and smoking history.


      "I think it’s almost impossible to extrapolate to the Medicare population the expected results that we would get when I feel it’s our obligation to first do no harm. I didn’t hear that the evidence is there to support benefit beyond harm," said Dr. Curtis Mock, national medical director of United Healthcare Medicare & Retirement.


      Most of the MEDCAC advisers said that they were not satisfied by the Medicare-population data in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). That study of more than 50,000 asymptomatic adults, aged 55-74 years, showed a 16% reduction in lung cancer mortality and a 6.7% reduction in all-cause mortality when patients were screened using LDCT (N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368:1980-91). One cancer death was averted for every 320 patients screened, and one death from all causes was prevented in every 219 patients screened.


      But Medicare-eligible patients – those aged 65-74 years – represented about 25% of patients in the trial, less than the nearly 36% NLST-eligible in the U.S. population.


      "I am concerned that we don’t really have a lot of data in the Medicare population, certainly not in the 75-80 [year-old age group], particularly on the harms in the age group that was included in NLST," said Dr. Rita Redberg, MEDCAC chair and professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.


      "Surgical mortality increases as one gets older, and the benefits of early detection tend to disappear as you get older because there are more competing causes of death," she said.


      The MEDCAC advisers also noted that they were not confident that the harms of lung cancer screening with LDCT (average effective dose of 1.5 mSv) would be minimized if implemented in the Medicare population.


    • 音乐人生 VIP会员 2019-11-22 23:24 23:242楼

      有重度吸烟史的医疗保险受益人进行的一项研究显示,新的肺癌筛查指南可能使肺癌早期发现的比例加倍,但 5 年内的成本会直线上升 93 亿美元,研究人员于 5 月 14 日如此称。

      这项分析发布之后,5 月 30 日至 6 月 3 日将在芝加哥举行美国临床肿瘤学会会议,这项分析第一次预测了上个月由美国预防服务专责小组发布的新建议实施成本。

      有影响的独立专家小组给美国的决策人提出建议,他们基于所显示的筛查收益超过过度诊断及过度治疗潜在伤害的证据,建议重度吸烟者及有重度吸烟史者应该获得每年最低剂量计算机断层扫描(或 CT 扫描)。

      他们对筛查给出一个“B”建议,意味着收益证据至少是适度的有把握。在奥巴马总统《平价医疗法案》下,私人保险需要涵盖“B”级的预防服务或没有保险的更高级别服务。法律不要求医疗保险健康计划用于 65 岁及以上的人去做这些。

      这项建议涵盖吸烟已让其处于高癌症风险的 55-80 岁患者,如此大比例的符合补充筛查建议的患者将被医疗保险覆盖。医疗保险顾问小组于 4 月 30 日投票反对涵盖该检测,指出缺乏证据。小组的决定没有约束力,医疗保险有望于 2014 年 9 月发布一项提议保险决定。

      原因之一是小组的投票缺乏成本证据,西雅图弗雷德哈钦森癌症研究中心的 Joshua Roth 在一个电话会议中对路透社如此说。这项由 Roth 和其同行进行的研究旨在帮助填补这一空白。他们使用了一个数学模型,这一模型基于三个方案计算出了五年一周期的筛查成本。

      根据最可能的方案,假定被提供筛查的人当中有一半的人将获得检测,那么医生将处理 1120 多次 CT 扫描,导致 5.5 万肺癌在 5 年内得到检测。该组织预测,这个项目将使癌症早期阶段确诊的比例增长一倍多,从 15% 增长到 33%。

      包括影像、诊断检测及新检测癌症的护理成本,该项目 5 年内将耗费医疗保险 93 亿美元,平均每人每月的医保花费增长 3 美元。更为保守的筛查估计,假设那些人中每年 25% 的人获得筛查,5 年内将花费 59 亿美元,而更挑战性的 75% 的人获得筛查,将花费 127 亿美元。

      ASCO 会长 Clifford Hudis 博士表示,这项研究是一个模型,“不是真实数据,”强调虽然“低剂量 CT 扫描筛查提供了一个期待已久的早期肺癌检测策略,”但医生必须尽可能鼓励患者停止吸烟,防止年青人吸烟。

      信源地址:http://www.reuters.com/article/2 ... USKBN0DU20420140514

    • 音乐人生 VIP会员 2019-11-22 23:24 23:243楼

      专家组反对低剂量CT用于联邦医疗保险患者肺癌筛查
            

      美国联邦医疗保险证据开发和覆盖范围咨询委员会(MEDCAC)成员在4月30日会议上称,证据不足以支持应用低剂量计算机断层扫面(LDCT)对联邦医疗保险人群进行肺癌筛查。专家组特别指出,总体上,他们对联邦医疗保险人群LDCT肺癌筛查获益大于伤害的充分证据缺乏信心。

      联合健康保险(United Healthcare Medicare & Retirement)全国医学主任Curtis Mock博士称:“当我意识到我们的责任首先是不应伤害患者时,我认为将我们的预期结果外推至联邦医疗保险人群是不可能的。”联邦医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心(CMS)接受了两项正式请求,启动LDCT肺癌筛查全国覆盖分析。美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)已将基于年龄和吸烟史的高危肺癌患者接受LDCT肺癌筛查列为B级推荐。Rita Redberg博士

      大多数专家对全国肺部筛查试验(NLST)中有关联邦医疗保险人群的数据并不满意。该研究纳入50,000余例无症状成人,年龄55~74岁。结果显示,接受LDCT筛查患者肺癌死亡率和全因死亡率分别下降16%和6.7% (N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368:1980-91),每320例患者接受筛查可避免1例患者死于肺癌,每219例患者接受筛查可预防1例全因死亡患者。

      然而,符合联邦医疗保险条件的患者(65~74岁)约占受试患者的25%,小于符合NLST入组标准人群占美国人口约36%的比例。

      MEDCAC主席、加州大学旧金山分校医学教授Rita Redberg博士称:“我担心我们真的没有太多的联邦医疗保险患者数据,当然也没有75~80岁人群的数据,特别是NLST试验中有关该年龄组人群危害的数据。”她认为:“手术死亡率随年龄增大而增大, 早期出现的获益也会逐渐消失,因为对抗获益的死亡因素越来越多。”

      专家组还指出,他们不能确信如果对联邦医疗保险人群实施LDCT(平均效应剂量为1.5 mSv)肺癌筛查,其危害程度能否达到最小化。

      密歇根大学安娜堡分校内科教授Allan Fendrick博士说:“对于获益和伤害不清楚的人群,我担心伤害将成为筛查的障碍。”

      同样,马里兰州贝塞斯达国防医科大学副教授Harry Burke博士称:“我认为较低的阳性预测值导致对筛查者的伤害,你能否权衡伤害与受益是一件非常困难的事情。”

      最后,专家组认为,他们充分相信在临床试验之外对联邦医疗保险人群进行LDCT肺癌筛查缺少有临床意义的证据。

      MEDCAC 副主席、康奈尔大学患者导向比较疗效研究项目主任Art Sedrakyan博士说: “我认为最重要的不足在于,所基于的全部数据,包括大规模NLST试验和其他试验的高质量文献,应该能够让我们充分相信某一部分人群在获益大于伤害方面优于另一部分人群。”

      CMS在制定覆盖全国的LDCT肺癌筛查决策时将考虑专家组的意见,有关决策预计在11月中旬之前公布,并将有30天的征求公众意见时间。

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